The taxa
submodule
This module describes classes and methods used to compile taxonomic data from datasets and to validate taxonomy against the GBIF backbone database and/or the NCBI taxonomy database.
The two parallel Taxon dataclasses (GBIFTaxon and NCBITaxon) are used to store data
about a taxon entry in a dataset. They are initialised with user data and then the
relevant taxon Validator classes (GBIF or NCBI) can be used to update a Taxon object
with the result of validation against a local version of the taxon databases
(GBIFValidator
and NCBIValidator
).
Parallel 'Taxa' worksheets (GBIFTaxa and NCBITaxa) are defined, which are used to load and collate the set of taxonomic entries from a dataset. These are then collected in a higher level Taxa object, which additionally records the names used in the Data worksheets. This allows us to check that all defined names are used, all used names are defined, and that no names are defined in both Taxa worksheets (if both sheets are provided).
Note that we explicitly exclude form and variety from the set of GBIF backbone taxonomic levels because they cannot be matched into the backbone hierarchy without extra API calls.
When validating against the NCBI database supplied taxa of any rank (i.e. strain or clade) which can be successfully validated will be recorded. However, associated higher taxa will only be recorded if their ranks are either a GBIF backbone rank or superkingdom.
GBIF validation
safedata_validator.taxa.GBIFTaxon
dataclass
Represent and validate a GBIF taxon.
Initialised using user taxonomic information for single taxon, which can be then be validated against the GBIF database. Attributes are populated when an instance is passed to GBIFValidator.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
name |
str
|
A taxonomic name |
required |
rank |
str
|
A taxonomic rank |
required |
gbif_id |
int | None
|
A specific GBIF ID |
None
|
Attributes:
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
is_backbone |
bool
|
the taxon is at a taxonomic level included in the GBIF backbone |
is_canon |
bool
|
the taxon is considered canon in GBIF |
lookup_status |
str
|
the outcome of the lookup with one of the following values: found, no_match, validation_fail, unknown_id, id_mismatch |
taxon_status |
str | None
|
the taxonomic status of the taxon with one of the following values: accepted, doubtful, synonym etc. etc. |
parent_id |
int | None
|
a GBIF id for the accepted parent taxon. |
canon_usage |
Optional[GBIFTaxon]
|
a GBIFTaxon instance holding the canonical usage for the taxon |
note |
Optional[GBIFTaxon]
|
a string of any extra information provided by the search |
hierarchy |
list
|
a list of 2-tuples of rank and GBIF ID for the taxonomic hierarchy |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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|
found: bool
property
Confirms that a taxon is a backbone taxon found in GBIF.
__post_init__()
Validates inputs and sets defaults for the post-init properties.
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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__repr__()
Provides a simple representation of the class.
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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safedata_validator.taxa.GBIFValidator
Validate taxon data against the GBIF database.
This class connects to a local copy of the GBIF database and provides methods to validate GBIFTaxon instances and look up GBIF ID values.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
resources |
Resources
|
A Resources instance linking to the local GBIF database |
required |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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id_lookup(gbif_id)
Get a GBIFTaxon by GBIF ID.
This method returns a GBIFTaxon directly from a GBIF ID. It will raise a GBIFError if the provided ID cannot be found.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
gbif_id |
int
|
A GBIF ID number. |
required |
Returns:
Type | Description |
---|---|
GBIFTaxon
|
A populated GBIFTaxon instance for the ID. |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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search(taxon)
Validate a GBIFTaxon instance.
The method looks for the taxon in the GBIF database using name and rank and an optional GBIF ID for disambiguation. The input GBIFTaxon is updated in place and so there is no value returned.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
taxon |
GBIFTaxon
|
A GBIFTaxon instance |
required |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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safedata_validator.taxa.GBIFError
Bases: Exception
Exception class for GBIF errors.
Attributes:
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
message |
explanation of the error |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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NCBI Validation
safedata_validator.taxa.NCBITaxon
dataclass
Represent and validate an NCBI taxon.
Initialised using user taxonomic information for single taxon, which can be then be validated against the NCBI database. Attributes are populated when an instance is passed to NCBIValidator.
The format of the hierarchy is expected to be a list in the format generated by the
_get_canon_hierarchy
method.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
name |
str
|
A taxonomic name |
required |
rank |
str
|
A taxonomic rank |
required |
taxa_hier |
list[tuple[Any, ...]]
|
A taxonomic hierarchy list |
required |
ncbi_id |
int
|
NCBI ID for full taxa (i.e. including non-backbone ranks) |
required |
parent_ncbi_id |
int
|
The NCBI ID of the parent backbone taxon |
required |
non_canon_name |
str | None
|
An optional string giving a non canon name |
None
|
non_canon_name_class |
str | None
|
The NCBI name class of the non canon name |
None
|
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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__post_init__()
Sets the defaults for the post-init properties and checks inputs.
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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__repr__()
Provides a simple representation of the class.
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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safedata_validator.taxa.NCBIValidator
Validate taxon data against the NCBI database.
This class connects to a local copy of the NCBI database and provides methods to validate NCBITaxon instances and look up NCBI ID values.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
resources |
Resources
|
A Resources instance linking to the local NCBI database |
required |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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kingdoms: list[str] = [rw['name_txt'] for rw in self.ncbi_conn.execute("select name_txt from names join nodes using (tax_id) where rank='kingdom'").fetchall()]
instance-attribute
A list of all names assigned kingdom rank in the NCBI database.
ncbi_conn: sqlite3.Connection = conn
instance-attribute
A connection to the NCBI sqlite3 database.
ncbi_ranks_root_to_leaf: list[str] = [rw['rank'] for rw in self.ncbi_conn.execute('select rank from unique_ncbi_ranks order by rank_index;')]
instance-attribute
A root to leaf list of NCBI taxonomic ranks, excluding clade and no rank.
superkingdoms: list[str] = [rw['name_txt'] for rw in self.ncbi_conn.execute("select name_txt from names join nodes using (tax_id) where rank='superkingdom'").fetchall()]
instance-attribute
A list of all names assigned superkingdom rank in the NCBI database.
_canon_to_backbone_hierarchy(canon_hier)
staticmethod
Reduce a canonical NCBI hierarchy to the backbone ranks.
This method reduces a canonical hierarchy to only the ranks present in the list of backbone taxa, which are used in the taxon index for the elements. This cleanly omits missing backbone elements, if e.g. genus has an order parent.
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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_check_congruent_hierarchies(expected_hier, provided_hier, report)
Check if a provided hierarchy is congruent with an expected hierarchy.
The NCBITaxa sheet can provide a taxonomic hierarchy below a leaf taxon. This method can be used to compare the elements of that provided hierarchy with the complete expected hierarchy for a taxon.
The expected hierarchy should be provided as the canonical hierarchy (see _get_canon_hierarchy).
The method logs warnings when non-canon names are used and errors if any elements are completely incongruent between the two hierarchies.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
expected_hier |
list[tuple[Any, ...]]
|
The expected hierarchy |
required |
provided_hier |
list[tuple[str, str]]
|
A provided hierarchy that should contain matching elements. |
required |
report |
bool
|
Should the function log errors when mismatches are found. |
required |
Returns:
Type | Description |
---|---|
bool
|
A boolean indicating if the provided details are congruent with the |
bool
|
expected. |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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_get_canon_hierarchy(ncbi_id)
Extract the complete canonical NCBI hierarchy for a taxon ID.
This function compiles complete taxon hierarchy as a list ordered from tip to root. Each list entry is a tuple providing the taxon rank, canonical scientific name, taxon id and parent taxon id, starting with the provided taxon id at the tip.
The canonical usage is taken from the row associated with each NCBI taxon ID that is recorded as having the 'scientific name' name class. The SQL query below demonstrates that all IDs have a canonical usage: there are no rows found with taxon IDs that do not also appear with 'scientific name' status.
SELECT count(*) FROM names
WHERE name_class != "scientific name"
AND tax_id NOT IN (
SELECT tax_id FROM names
WHERE name_class == "scientific name"
);
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
ncbi_id |
int
|
A valid NCBI taxon ID. |
required |
Returns:
Type | Description |
---|---|
list[tuple[Any, ...]]
|
An ordered dictionary of parent details. |
Raises:
Type | Description |
---|---|
ValueError
|
This function is intended only to be used with valid current NCBI IDs and raises an error for invalid, merged or deleted NCBI IDs. |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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_get_name_and_rank_matches(name, rank)
Get NCBI taxon details matching a given name and rank.
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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id_lookup(ncbi_id)
Get an NCBITaxon by NCBI ID.
This method returns a populated NCBITaxon instance given an NCBI ID.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
ncbi_id |
int
|
Unique identifier for the taxon |
required |
Returns:
Type | Description |
---|---|
NCBITaxon
|
A populated NCBITaxon instance |
Raises:
Type | Description |
---|---|
NCBIError
|
if the provided ID cannot be found. |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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taxa_search(nnme, taxon_hier)
Find an NCBI taxon given a taxon hierarchy.
This method takes a provided NCBI taxonomic hierarchy, and attempts to find a congruent NCBI ID. This NCBI ID is then used to generate a NCBITaxon object, which is returned. Where possible, this method makes use of parent taxa information to distinguish between ambiguous taxa names.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
nnme |
str
|
A nickname to identify the taxon |
required |
taxon_hier |
list[tuple[str, str]]
|
A list of the (rank, name) tuples provided in the taxon worksheet, sorted in root to tip taxonomic order |
required |
Returns:
Type | Description |
---|---|
NCBITaxon
|
A populated NCBITaxon instance |
Raises:
Type | Description |
---|---|
ValueError
|
incorrect argument values |
NCBIError
|
no match found |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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safedata_validator.taxa.NCBIError
Bases: Exception
Exception class for NCBI errors.
Attributes:
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
message |
explanation of the error |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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Taxon worksheet classes
safedata_validator.taxa.GBIFTaxa
Manage a set of GBIF taxon data and associated GBIFTaxon instances.
A class to hold a list of taxon names and a validated taxonomic index for those taxa and their taxonomic hierarchy. The validate_taxon method checks that taxon details and their optional parent taxon can be matched into the the GBIF backbone and populates two things:
i) the taxon_names attribute of the dataset, which is just a set of names used as a validation list for taxon names used in data worksheets. ii) the taxon_index attribute of the dataset, which contains a set of lists structured as:
[worksheet_name (str),
gbif_id (int),
gbif_parent_id (int),
canonical_name (str),
taxonomic_rank (str),
gbif_status (str)]
Where a taxon is not accepted or doubtful on GBIF, two entries are
inserted for the taxon, one under the canon name and one under the
provided name. They will share the same worksheet name and so can
be paired back up for description generation. The worksheet name
for parent taxa and deeper taxonomic hierarchy is set to None.
The index_higher_taxa method can be used to extend the taxon_index to include all of the higher taxa linking the validated taxa.
The index can then be used:
a) to generate the taxonomic coverage section of the dataset description, and b) to populate a database table to index the taxonomic coverage of datasets.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
resources |
Resources
|
A Resources instance. |
required |
Attributes:
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
taxon_index |
list[list]
|
A list containing taxon index lists |
taxon_names |
set[str]
|
A set of worksheet names |
parents |
dict[tuple, GBIFTaxon]
|
A dictionary linking tuples of taxon parent information to GBIFTaxon instances |
hierarchy |
set[list]
|
A set of lists containing the complete taxonomic hierarchy for taxa in the GBIFTaxa instance. |
n_errors |
int
|
A count of processing errors when loading and validating taxa |
taxon_names_used |
set[str]
|
A set used to track which taxon names have been used in data worksheets |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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is_empty: bool
property
Check if a GBIFTaxa instance contains any taxa.
index_higher_taxa()
Extend the taxon index to include higher taxa.
This method uses the taxon hierarchy entries to add higher taxa to the taxon index for the instance. It does not duplicate taxa already in the index.
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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load(worksheet)
Populate a GBIFTaxa instance from an Excel worksheet.
This method loads a set of taxa from the rows of a safedata
formatted GBIFTaxa
worksheet and populates the taxonomic hierarchy for those rows. The GBIFTaxa
instance is updated.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
worksheet |
worksheet
|
An openpyxl worksheet instance using the GBIFTaxa formatting |
required |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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validate_and_add_taxon(taxon_input)
Add a GBIF formatted taxon row to the GBIFTaxa instance.
This method takes user information on a taxon, and optionally a parent taxon, validates it and updates the GBIFTaxa instance to include the new details.
This is typically used to process rows found in a dataset with a GBIFTaxa formatted table, can also be used to populate a GBIFTaxa instance programmatically.
The taxon_input has the form:
['worksheet_name',
['taxon name', 'taxon type', 'taxon id', 'ignore id'],
['parent name', 'parent type', 'parent id']]
If there is no parent information, the structure is:
['worksheet_name',
['taxon name', 'taxon type', 'taxon id', 'ignore id'],
None]
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
taxon_input |
tuple
|
GBIFTaxon information in standard form as above |
required |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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safedata_validator.taxa.NCBITaxa
Manage a set of NCBI taxon data and associated NCBITaxon instances.
A class to hold a list of taxon names and a validated taxonomic index for those taxa and their taxonomic hierarchy. The validate_taxon method checks that the provided taxon hierarchy and (optional) NCBI ID can be validated against the NCBI database (and both refer to the same taxon).
i) the taxon_names attribute of the dataset, which is just a set of names used as a validation list for taxon names used in data worksheets. ii) the taxon_index attribute of the dataset, which contains a set of lists structured as:
[worksheet_name (str),
ncbi_id (int),
ncbi_parent_id (int),
canonical_name (str),
taxonomic_rank (str),
ncbi_status (str)]
Where a taxon is not accepted or doubtful on GBIF, two entries are
inserted for the taxon, one under the canon name and one under the
provided name. They will share the same worksheet name and so can
be paired back up for description generation. The worksheet name
for parent taxa and deeper taxonomic hierarchy is set to None.
The index_higher_taxa method can be used to extend the taxon_index to include all of the higher taxa linking the validated taxa.
The index can then be used:
a) to generate the taxonomic coverage section of the dataset description, and b) to populate a database table to index the taxonomic coverage of datasets.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
resources |
Resources
|
A Resources instance. |
required |
Attributes:
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
taxon_index |
list[tuple]
|
A list containing taxon index lists |
taxon_names |
set[str]
|
A set of worksheet names |
parents |
set[str]
|
A dictionary linking tuples of taxon parent information to GBIFTaxon instances |
hierarchy |
set[tuple]
|
A set of lists containing the complete taxonomic hierarchy for taxa in the GBIFTaxa instance. |
n_errors |
int
|
A count of processing errors when loading and validating taxa |
taxon_names_used |
int
|
A set used to track which taxon names have been used in data worksheets |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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is_empty: bool
property
Check if an NCBITaxa instance contains any taxa.
index_higher_taxa()
Extend the taxon index to include higher taxa.
This method uses the taxon hierarchy entries to add higher taxa to the taxon index for the instance. It does not duplicate taxa already in the index.
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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load(worksheet)
Populate an NCBITaxa instance from an Excel worksheet.
This method loads a set of taxa from the rows of a safedata
formatted NCBITaxa
worksheet and populates the taxonomic hierarchy for those rows. The GBIFTaxa
instance is updated.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
worksheet |
worksheet
|
An openpyxl worksheet instance using the GBIFTaxa formatting |
required |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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validate_and_add_taxon(m_name, taxon_hier, new=False)
Add a NCBI formatted taxon row to the NCBITaxa instance.
This method takes a worksheet name and taxon hierarchy, validates it against the NCBI database and updates the NCBITaxa instance to include the new details. This is typically used to process rows found in a dataset with an NCBITaxa formatted table, but can also be used to populate a NCBITaxa instance programmatically.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
m_name |
str
|
The worksheet name used to refer to the taxon. |
required |
taxon_hier |
list[tuple[str, str]]
|
A list of tuples of the provided pairs of NCBI taxon ranks and taxon names, sorted in order from root to leaf/ |
required |
new |
bool
|
Is the leaf taxon new and not expected to be found in the NCBI database. |
False
|
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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safedata_validator.taxa.Taxa
Manage combined NCBITaxa and GBIFTaxa instances.
This class wraps parallel instances of GBIFTaxa and NCBITaxa and provides shared properties across the two instances.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
resources |
Resources
|
A Resources instance |
required |
We are interested in checking that no worksheet names are reused when both Taxa sheets are provided, that every worksheet name is used somewhere in the Data worksheets, and that every taxon name used across the Data worksheets is defined in a Taxa worksheet.
This overarching class stores instances of the two lower level classes
(GBIFTaxa, NCBITaxa). It can also store (as taxon_names_used
) the set
of all names used across the Data worksheets. The property is_empty
can
be used to check whether both of the lower level classes are empty, and
the property taxon_names
can be used to find the set of all taxon names
defined in either GBIFTaxa or NCBITaxa. Finally, the property repeat_names
can be used to find if any names are used in both GBIFTaxa and NCBITaxa
worksheets.
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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is_empty: bool
property
Reports if neither GBIF nor NCBI taxa any taxa loaded.
repeat_names: set[str]
property
Reports taxon names duplicated between NCBI and GBIF taxa.
taxon_names: set[str]
property
Provides loaded taxon names from both NCBI and GBIF taxa.
Helper functions
safedata_validator.taxa.taxon_index_to_text(taxa, html=False, indent_width=4, auth='GBIF')
Render a taxon index as text or html.
This function takes a taxon index and renders the contents into either a text or
html representation of the taxonomic hierarchy used in the dataset. Taxonomic ranks
are indented to render a nested hierarchy. The auth
argument is used to set
whether the taxa are validated using GBIF or NCBI and this only affects the
formatting of the names in the representation.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
taxa |
list[dict]
|
A list of taxon dictionaries containing the taxa for a dataset. |
required |
html |
bool
|
Render as html or text. |
False
|
indent_width |
int
|
The indentation width to use for successive taxonomic ranks. |
4
|
auth |
str
|
The taxonomic authority that the taxa are taken from. |
'GBIF'
|
Returns:
Type | Description |
---|---|
str | div
|
Either a HTML or text representation of the taxa tree. |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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safedata_validator.taxa.taxa_strip(name, rank)
Strip NCBI style rank prefixes from taxon names.
This function removes NCBI k__
type notation from taxa names. It returns the
stripped name and emits an error if the removed prefix is inconsistent with the
provide rank. If a name consists only of the s__
style annotation, indicating a
match to an unknown sequence at species level, then None is returned.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
name |
str
|
An NCBI taxon name with |
required |
rank |
str
|
The expected taxonomic rank for the name. |
required |
Returns:
Type | Description |
---|---|
str | None
|
A trimmed string or None in the case of anonymous |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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safedata_validator.taxa.construct_bi_or_tri(higher_nm, lower_nm, tri)
Generate a species binomial or a subspecies trinomial.
NCBI tools often return the separate components of species and subspecies names: for example, genus Escherichia and species coli. However the NCBI database associates taxon ID with complete binomial and trinomial names. This function parses the provided inputs to try and construct those names, whilst also handling extra tags in binomials, such as 'candidatus', that are included by the NCBI for some taxa.
Parameters:
Name | Type | Description | Default |
---|---|---|---|
higher_nm |
str
|
The NCBI genus/species name |
required |
lower_nm |
str
|
The NCBI species/subspecies name |
required |
tri |
bool
|
Are we looking at a subspecies trinomial |
required |
Raises:
Type | Description |
---|---|
ValueError
|
where the input cannot be safely parsed into a binomial or trinomial name. |
Source code in safedata_validator/taxa.py
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